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Today, however, x86 usually implies a binary compatibility also with the 32-bit instruction set of the 80386. In the 1980s and early 1990s, when the 806 were still in common use, the term x86 usually represented any 8086-compatible CPU.

3.2 From 16-bit and 32-bit to 64-bit architecture.

Embedded systems and general-purpose computers used x86 chips before the PC-compatible market started, some of them before the IBM PC (1981) debut.Īs of 2022, most desktop computers, laptops and game consoles (with the exception of the Nintendo Switch ) sold are based on the x86 architecture family, while mobile categories such as smartphones or tablets are dominated by ARM at the high end, x86 continues to dominate compute-intensive workstation and cloud computing segments, while the fastest supercomputer in 2020 was ARM-based, with the top 4 no longer x86-based in that year. The term is not synonymous with IBM PC compatibility, as this implies a multitude of other computer hardware. The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186, 80286, 8036 processors.

The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. X86 is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The pre-586 subset of the x86 architecture is therefore fully open.ĪMD Athlon (early version), a technically different but fully compatible x86 implementation The 80486 processor has been on the market for more than 30 years and so cannot be subject to patent claims. For some advanced features, x86 may require license from Intel x86-64 may require an additional license from AMD. X87, IA-32, x86-64, MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, MCA, ACPI, SSE2, NX bit, SMT, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.2, AES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND, SHA, MPX, SME, SGX, XOP, F16C, ADX, BMI, FMA, AVX, AVX2, AVX-VNNI, AVX512, VT-x, VT-d, AMD-V, AMD-Vi, TSX, ASF, TXT For the 32-bit generation of this architecture that is also referred to as "x86", see IA-32.ġ978 (16-bit), 1985 (32-bit), 2003 (64-bit)

This article is about the Intel microprocessor architecture in general.